Was It Just a Dream? Aging and Dreaming the Psychoanalytic Process.

By revisiting the last years of a long psychoanalytic treatment of a female patient, a psychoanalyst reflects on her own development as a clinician and on the changes in her experience of psychoanalytic generativity. An increasing ability to understand patient's shifts between creativity and destructiveness brings about a different understanding of the process of mourning, while the shared aging of the analytic dyad highlights the difficulty of ending an analysis that has become a way of life.

Engaging with the unknown: How Judaism enabled Freud's psychological discoveries.

A large literature has formed around the question of how Freud's Jewishness and/or Judaism influenced his psychological discoveries and development of psychoanalytic theory and methods. The article organizes the literature into several core theses but brings new clarity and insight by applying two essential criteria to demonstrate an impact of Judaism on Freud's thinking: direct content and historical timing. First, there should be evidence that Freud incorporated actual content from Jewish sources, and second, this incorporation must have occurred during the most crucial period of Freud's early discovery, conceptualization, and development of psychoanalysis, roughly 1893-1910. Thus, for example, Bakan's well-known theory that Freud studied Kabbala is completely negated by the absence of any evidence in the required time period. Part I reviews the literature on the influence of Freud's ethnic/cultural Jewish identity. Part II introduces the Judaic sacred literature, explores Freud's education in Judaism and Hebrew, and presents evidence that Freud had the motive, means, and resources to discover and draw from the "Dream Segment" of the Talmud-along with the traditional Judaic methods and techniques of textual exegesis. Freud then applied these same Judaic word-centered interpretive methods-used for revealing an invisible God-to revealing an invisible Unconscious in four successive books in 1900, 1901, and 1905.

An Introduction and Brief Overview of Psychoanalysis.

The field of psychology has been shaped by the views and perspectives of Sigmund Freud and his former students: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney. These psychologists and their respective schools of thought provide distinct views on psychology and influences on personality and psychosocial development. The foundation for psychoanalysis was laid by Freud, his work on the unconscious mind, and his emphasis on early childhood experiences. His students also made substantial contributions that expanded, sharpened, and challenged his theories. This review will begin by highlighting the work of Sigmund Freud; it will then compare his theories with the theories of his students. This review will introduce and bring attention to the most important figures of psychoanalysis and give a brief overview of their theories.

Liquid Modernity and Imagistic Production: Reflections on Social Media and Free Associations.

Social media has profound impact on how we experience the world and interact with others. Rapidly advancing technology has created platforms that have become increasingly image-based and emotionally manipulative. Do the new patterns of communication change patients' mental processes? Is free association becoming more imagistic? Contemporary clinical settings invite new perspectives on the intersections between the social and individual realms, patients' modes of expression, and analysts' interpretations.

The visual image and the Denkbild: Sigmund Freud and Walter Benjamin on history and remembrance.

The present paper offers a comparative reading of Sigmund Freud's and Walter Benjamin's thoughts on remembrance and history. Freud's dream thought, constructed from visual images, and Benjamin's dialectical image, and the Denkbild as its literary form, are presented as intriguingly intertwined concepts. They both refer to residues of regressive thought expressed through the medium of the German Bild, which can be translated as image, picture or figure. The visual image (visuelles Bild) and the Denkbild are presented as crucial to the construction of history because they present a dialectic between a condensed experience of the past (beyond the scope of words and representation) and the inevitable transformation of experience into language. Freud's and Benjamin's late writings are read in the historical context of European Jewish intellectuals facing the rise of the Nazi regime. The images discussed comparatively here are Freud's last Moorish king and Benjamin's angel of history. These condensed images are presented as lamenting figures, images of despair and struggle. They serve as examples of the visual image's ability to represent the unrepresentable and capture hidden mnemic traces at traumatic times.

Freud's Red Thread: Explorations of the Unconscious Sense of Guilt.

The concept of an "unconscious sense of guilt" bedevils Freud throughout his life, rearing its head in at least twenty-four of his major works and working behind the scenes in many others. In a sense, we can see Freud's oeuvre, and psychoanalysis more generally, as a discourse of unconscious guilt. While Freud frames the oedipus complex as the central defining dynamic of human experience, the unconscious sense of guilt is arguably the underbelly that both precedes and exceeds that complex. By unraveling a range of complexities within Freud's conceptualization of unconscious guilt, we will come to see that guilt is an unavoidable by-product of the human condition, intrinsically interwoven with libidinal desire.

Empathy, caring and compassion: Toward a Freudian critique of nursing work.

The aim of this paper is to summarize key psychoanalytic concepts first developed by Sigmund Freud and apply them to a critical exploration of three terms that are central to nursing's self-image-empathy, caring, and compassion. Looking to Menzies-Lyth's work, I suggest that the nurse's strong identification as a carer can be understood as a fantasy of being the one who is cared for; critiques by Freud and others of empathy point to the possibility of it being, in reality, a form of projective identification; reading Lacan and Zizek, I propose that repeated research into caring and repeated complaint about barriers to caring can be understood as manifestations of the death drive first posited by Freud. I conclude that psychoanalytic insights suggest that caring roles can raise profoundly ambivalent issues for those who care but they can also point the way to freedom from painful and self-destructive symptoms inherent in such work.

Ernst Brücke and Sigmund Freud: Physiological roots of psychoanalysis.

Ernst Brücke was one of the most influential figures in Sigmund Freud's life and work. Freud studied under him for around six years during his student years, and he never turned his back on Brücke's fundamental teachings. Brücke was a member of the strictly materialist and reductionist movement called the School of Helmholtz. This article will interpret how this physiological movement influenced Freud's psychoanalysis and how its understanding of science was embedded in Freud's theory. For this purpose, I will focus on the relationship between Brücke and Freud, and then will demonstrate how Brücke's influence appears in Freud's psychoanalytical theory. Despite the common practice of evaluating Project for a Scientific Psychology as the last attempt of Freud's physiological commitment, I will take Freud's ontology and epistemology as a product of his interaction with Ernst Brücke. In this conjunction, I will discuss psychoanalysis's essential physiological and neurological components, such as the conservation of energy, the principle of constancy, the pleasure principle, and dual-aspect monism. For this purpose, I will apply the methodology of Randall Collins, the so-called sociology of philosophy. This method allows us to analyze personal contacts between master and pupil and the results of this interaction. This method will help to demonstrate why Brücke's influence was more prevalent in Freud's psychoanalysis than any other neuroscientific master of Freud.

[A postcolonial couch, psychoanalysis and critical studies]. / Un divan postcolonial, psychanalyse et critical studies.

The expression "postcolonial couch" is first of all to be understood as an invitation to rethink psychoanalysis beyond the anthropological, epistemological and political categories that saw its birth (the Oedipus complex, sexual difference, etc.). But it must also be understood as a de-fense of psychoanalysis, and more specifically as a defense of the type of listening and care that its unique device, based on the hypothesis of the unconscious, makes possible.

[Mathilde Ludendorff (1877-1966): specialist for nervous and mental diseases and Germanic philosopher]. / Mathilde Ludendorff (1877­1966): Nervenärztin und völkische Philosophin.

Mathilde Ludendorff (nee Spiess, widowed von Kemnitz, divorced Kleine) was one of the first women who studied medicine in Imperial Germany. She wrote a feminist doctoral thesis, refuted Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis early in her career, detected the fraud of Albert von Schrenck-Notzing's spiritualist research, became a specialist for nervous and mental diseases after only 17 months of training with Emil Kraepelin, as his-according to her own words-best pupil, treated General Ludendorff's first wife and soon became his second, developed a Germanic philosophy too radical for Adolf Hitler's taste, was considered as a primary culprit after a first denazification trial in 1949 and contested the expert opinion of her colleague Professor Georg Stertz about her own mental state. Her books are still in print and her Alliance for God Cognizance (Ludendorff) still exists and is monitored by the National Intelligence Agency.

A dinâmica entre representação-palavra e representação-objeto na esquizofrenia / The dynamic between word representation and object representation in schizophrenia / La dinámica entre representación-palabra y representación-objeto en esquizofrenia

No presente estudo se pretende discutir a relação entre os conceitos de representação-palavra e representação-objeto na esquizofrenia no contexto dos textos iniciais de Freud, escritos entre 1891 e 1915, buscando contribuir para a compreensão do psiquismo do paciente esquizofrênico de acordo com os postulados freudianos. Nos trabalhos analisados, Freud recorre ao mecanismo de repressão para explicar a dinâmica das psicoses. As hipóteses referentes ao funcionamento da linguagem expostas no texto sobre as afasias em 1891, assim como o papel específico dos mecanismos de defesa não neuróticos dos trabalhos posteriores, reaparecem articuladas e amadurecidas no artigo O Inconsciente, de 1915, onde o autor aborda de modo mais sistemático o funcionamento psíquico dos quadros esquizofrênicos, especialmente aquele vinculado à linguagem.

The present study intends to discuss the relationship between the concepts of word representation and object representation in schizophrenia on the context of Freud's initial works from 1891 to 1915, seeking to contribute for the understanding of the schizophrenic patient's psyche in agrément with the Freudian's postulates. In the analyzed works, Freud makes use of the repression mechanisms to explain the dynamics of the psychoses. The hypotheses referring to the operation of the language exposed in the work on aphasias in 1891, as well as the specific role of the non-neurotic defense mechanisms of the subsequent works, reappear articulated and mature in the article The Unconscious of 1915, where he approaches in a more systematic way the psychic process, especially that linked to the language of the schizophrenic condition.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo discutir la relación entre los conceptos de representación-palabras y representación-objeto en la esquizofrenia en el contexto de los trabajos iniciales de Freud, escritos entre 1891 y 1915, buscando contribuir a la comprensión de la psique del paciente esquizofrénico según los postulados. Freudianos. En los trabajos analizados, Freud utiliza el mecanismo de represión para explicar la dinámica de las psicosis. Las hipótesis sobre el funcionamiento del lenguaje expuestas en el texto sobre afasias de 1891, así como el papel específico de los mecanismos de defensa no neuróticos de trabajos posteriores, reaparecen articuladas y maduradas en el artículo O Inconsciente, de 1915, donde el autor se acerca más el funcionamiento psíquico de las condiciones esquizofrénicas es sistemático, especialmente el vinculado al lenguaje.

What Use is Freud?

More than a hundred years into our field's development, examining Freud's place in psychoanalytic education is timely. What authority does he hold for psychoanalysts in 2021? Is he still the architect, or overseer, of psychoanalysis? Freud has been a metonym for psychoanalysis, yet the history of Freud's identification with the totality of psychoanalysis has had important unfortunate consequences. Negative aspects of this identification subtly linger, interfering in our collective appreciation of post-Freudian theoretical innovations. Too much of psychoanalysis has been "bought at the company store" of Freud's ideas. Though part of this problem is created by idealizations of Freud, much of it stems from Freud's precocious emphasis on psychoanalytic findings within his tripartite definition of psychoanalysis. As a result, many of his theoretical accounts were taken prematurely as definitive building blocks for a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory, when in fact they were only provisional formulations. Presently, portions of Freud's theories are silently withering on the psychoanalytic vine. Data from the PEP-Web archive reveal the declining use of a set of once important, closely linked conceptions-Freud's psychosexual theory and his characterology-and illustrate the kinds of Freudian ideas that have lost their usefulness. The indispensable and enduring elements in his work are identified.

O que esperar da sociedade frente a uma pandemia? Freud-Canguilhem / What to expect from society facing a pandemic? Freud-Canguilhem

Diante das reações de negação à pandemia de Covid-19, bem como de desrespeito às recomendações sanitárias de isolamento social, procuramos, a partir de Sigmund Freud e de Georges Canguilhem, fornecer operadores conceituais para a circunscrição de tais movimentos, antagônicos à manutenção de uma vida em sociedade. Do primeiro autor, situamos como o fenômeno da regressão desencadeado diante de contingências ambientais revela vicissitudes na formação de uma coletividade engajada com ela mesma. Já do segundo, veremos como a sociedade, diferentemente de um órgão ou um organismo vivo, não possui finalidade intrínseca, gerando com isso infindáveis debates quanto a como deve ser seu ordenamento. Com isso, observamos que os movimentos de boicote às recomendações de autoridades de saúde são condizentes com uma sociedade pouco altruísta (Freud) e que somente sobrevive através de crises no que diz respeito a seus fins (Canguilhem). Ao final, colocamos que a noção de normatividade vital contribui para a proposição de uma vida em sociedade cuja criação e revisão incessante de seus modos de existência pode ser uma ferramenta para evitar, ou postergar, seu colapso.

Considering the denials to the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the disrespect for the sanitary recommendations of social isolation, this work seeks to provide, from the perspective of Sigmund Freud and Georges Canguilhem, conceptual operators for the circumscription of such movements, antagonistics to the maintaining of a life in society. From a Freudian perspective, we situate how the phenomenon of regression triggered in the face of environmental contingencies reveals vicissitudes in the formation of a community engaged with itself. Considering Canguilhem's perspective, we will see how society, unlike a living organ or organism, has no intrinsic purpose, thereby generating endless debates about how its ordination should be. With that, we observed that the boycott movements to the recommendations of health authorities are consistent with a society that is not altruistic (Freud) and that only survives through crises regarding to its purposes (Canguilhem). In the end, we propose that the notion of vital normativity contributes to the proposition of a life in society whose creation and incessant review of their ways of existence can be a tool to prevent, or postpone, their collapse

Secretos de un alma: la primera película psicoanalítica / Secrets of a Soul: the first psychoanalityc movie

El artículo explora la historia del psicoanálisis y el cine como dos dispositivos contemporáneos de la modernidad y analiza la coyuntura que condujo a la producción de la primera película sobre el psicoanálisis presentada en Berlín en 1926, Secretos de un alma. Se contextualiza este encuentro en el período de consolidación del movimiento psicoanalítico, el desarrollo de una psicoterapia popular a través de la creación de centros de tratamiento psicoanalítico gratuitos en diferentes ciudades europeas y la profesionalización del psicoanálisis. A partir del análisis de la película se sugieren ideas para pensar la difusión del psicoanálisis en la cultura y la construcción de un público

The article explores the history of psychoanalysis and cinema as two contemporary devices of modernity and analyzes the conjunture that led to the production of the first psychoanalytic film, Secrets of a Soul, launched in Berlín in 1926. We contextualized this encounter in the period of consolidation of the psychoanalytic movement, the devolopment of a popular psychoterapy by the creation of free psychoanalytic treatment in different European cities and the professionalization of psychoanalysis. We analyse the film and ideas are suggested to think about the diffusion of psychoanalysis in cultura and the contruction of an audience

Burnett's "Cocaine" for dandruff.

Joseph Burnett manufactured the diethyl ether used for William T.G. Morton's public demonstration of inhaled surgical anesthesia on October 16, 1846 (Ether Day). A later Burnett product was a hairdressing oil claimed to prevent baldness and dandruff. It contained cocoa-nut oil and was called Cocoaine. In 1902 and 1903, it was sometimes advertised as Burnett's Cocaine (rather than Cocoaine), possibly to emulate the economic success of coca-based beverages such as Vin Mariani and Coca-Cola. Coca leaves are now decocainized before use in preparation of Coca-Cola, and the recovered cocaine is used for scientific and dwindling medical purposes.

The Active Room: Freud's Office and the Egyptian Tomb.

The present study examines the striking similarities between the architectural design and spatial composition of the ancient Egyptian tomb and Sigmund Freud's office at Berggasse 19 in Vienna, Austria. I argue that the Egyptian tomb elements represented within Freud's office permitted the enclosed space to play an active role in his psychoanalysis sessions. I supplement this argument by analyzing the office's spatial and architectural arrangements in relation to ancient Egyptian architectural frameworks, psychoanalytic container theory (Freud, Danze, and Quinodoz), and Freud's archeological metaphor model. This study contributes to the greater body of work on architecture as an active entity, psychoanalysis, and ancient Egyptian history.

Freud and Albert Moll: how kindred spirits became bitter foes.

This article explores the antagonism between Sigmund Freud and the German neurologist and sexologist Albert Moll. When Moll, in 1908, published a book about the sexuality of children, Freud, without any grounds, accused him of plagiarism. In fact, Moll had reason to suspect Freud of plagiarism since there are many parallels between Freud's Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie and Moll's Untersuchungen über die Libido sexualis. Freud had read this book carefully, but hardly paid tribute to Moll's innovative thinking about sexuality. A comparison between the two works casts doubt on Freud's claim that his work was a revolutionary breakthrough. Freud's course of action raises questions about his integrity. The article also critically addresses earlier evaluations of the clash.

The madness of Princess Alice: Sigmund Freud, Ernst Simmel and Alice of Battenberg at Kurhaus Schloß Tegel.

During the winter of 1930, Princess Alice of Battenberg was admitted to Kurhaus Schloß Tegel, where she was diagnosed with schizophrenic paranoia. When Freud was consulted about her case by Ernst Simmel, the Sanatorium's Director, he recommended that the patient's ovaries be exposed to high-intensity X-rays. Freud's suggestion was not based on any psychoanalytic treatment principles, but rooted in a rejuvenation technique to which Freud himself had subscribed. In recommending that psychotic patients should be treated with physical interventions, Freud confirmed his conviction that the clinical applicability of psychoanalysis should not be extrapolated beyond the neuroses, yet he also asserted that a proper consideration of endocrinological factors in the aetiology and treatment of the psychoses should never be excluded.

The return of the repressed. On Robert N. Bellah, Norman O. Brown, and religion in human evolution.

As much as Robert Bellah's final work, Religion in Human Evolution, has been studied and dissected, no critic underlined the importance of psychoanalysis for its main argument and its theoretical framework. The paper shows the influence exerted by a controversial interpreter of Freud, Norman O. Brown, on Bellah's ideas, intellectual profile, and writing style in the late-1960s and early 1970s. While in search for a new intellectual voice, Bellah was struck by Brown's work and began to make intensive use of his book, Love's Body, both in his teaching and in his research of the early 1970s, during his so-called "symbolic realism" period. While Bellah abandoned Brown's ideas and style in the mid-1970s, some of the basic intuitions he had during that period still survived as one of the major theoretical intuitions of Religion and Human Evolution.

Historical Vignette: Attempted treatment of Sigmund Freud's oral squamous cell carcinoma by vasectomy (Steinach Operation) in 1923.

BACKGROUND: At the beginning of the 20th century, the Viennese physiologist Eugen Steinach proposed to treat the effects of physiological ageing by vasectomy. After experimenting his theory with animal, he published his results, and convinced scientists to apply this method to humans (ie men). The scientific community has been convinced by these pictures of the interest of these vasectomies, and many patients undergo it for the purpose of physical, mental and sexual rejuvenation, including Sigmund Freud. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to explain How Sigmund Freud decided to do this operation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We read and analysed a set of articles and books about Sigmund Freud live and the rejuvenation theory with the help of Sigmund Freud Museum (London). RESULTS: Freud suffered from a cancer of the right maxillary diagnosed in 1923 for which he underwent a first surgery of excision on April 20, 1923 followed by radiotherapy and a lot of another surgery to treat reccurences. Probably in despair or wanting to heal himself, he decided to have a Steinach vasectomy. DISCUSSION: Sigmund Freud knew Steinach's theories through his scientific publications, including his work on the «treatment of homosexuality¼ (sic!); he even tended to believe that biological methods were more reliable for «treating homosexuality¼ than his psychoanalyses. Because cancer was considered a disease of old age, vasectomy rejuvenation seemed to be useful (and potentially effective) in treating cancer, according to Freud. CONCLUSION: Even Sigmund Freud, who was a great scientist, was fooled by the scientific results of a badly conducted study. We must keep a critical eye on new medical developments.